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Connectives

Class 11 Compulsory English Class 12 Compulsory English English Grammar , , , , , , , ,

Connectives

Connectives

A. Reason connectives:
– these connectives connect reasons with the situations or statements:

  1. Because/ as:
    Main clause + because/ as + reason clause
    Because/As + reason clause + main clause
  2. Because of/ due to
    Main clause + because of/ due to + reason clause (Noun Phrase)
    Because/As + reason clause (Noun Phrase) + main clause
  3. Since (same as because)
  4. For (same as because)
  5. So/ Therefore
    Reason clause + so + result clause
    Reason sentence. + Therefore, result sentence

    ##NOTE##
    For making noun phrase from a sentence you can apply some of these tricks:
    Is/ am/ are/ was/ were – being
    Has/ have/ had – having
    Change verbs into – V4
    In any form of noun phrase that is suitable

B. Purpose connectives:
– these connectives are used to show the intention or goal behind an action.

Connectives

Use of verb

To/ in order to

V1

For

V4

Present + so that/ in order that

Past + so that/ in order that

s+ can/may/shall/will + v1

s+ could/might/should/would + v1


       ##NOTE##
        He went to market for he was free. (‘for’ as reason connective)

        He went to market for buying some medicines. (‘for’ as purpose connective)

C. Unexpected result connectives:
– these connectives contrast two statements – one that logically should lead to a certain result, but the actual result is different and unexpected.

  1. Even though/ Although/ Though + situation, main clause (UR).
    Main clause (UR) + even though/ although/ though + situation.
  2. In spite of/ Despite + situation (Noun Phrase), + main clause (UR)
    Main clause (UR) + in spite of/ despite + situation (Noun Phrase).
  3. Sentence 1(situation). Nevertheless/ however, sentence 2 (UR)

D. Join the following pairs of sentences twice, using although/ though/ even though and despite/ in spite of.

  1. He is a millionaire. He lives in a simple house.
  2. The weather was extremely bad. The pilot landed the plane safely.
  3. We study in the same college. We hardly see each other.
  4. It rained heavily. We enjoyed our holiday.
  5. I had an umbrella. I got wet in the rain.
  6. I was really tired. I could not sleep a moment.
  7. She has very good accent in English. She failed the interview of a newsreader.
  8. Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter. Millions of tourists go there in January.
  9. He was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match. He was victorious in the third round.
  10. He completed the marathon. He had an injured leg.
  11. The bakery was closed. We managed to buy a cake.
  12. She didn’t enjoy horror movies. She watched the whole film alone.
  13. The road was blocked due to snow. They reached the village by evening.
  14. The singer forgot the lyrics. The audience clapped for her.
  15. Millions of rupees were invested in the film. It flopped at the box office.
  16. We were hungry. We gave the food to a homeless man.
  17. They smiled cheerfully. They had just lost the match.
  18. The floor was wet. Nobody slipped or fell.
  19. He refused to answer. The teacher kept smiling.

E. Complete each sentence in an appropriate way.

  1. He passed the exam although____________________.
  2. She climbed the mountain in spite of her________ _____________________.
  3. He did not give any alms to the beggar even though_______ ___________________.
  4. In spite of his poor eyesight, ____________________.
  5. ____________________though she is very sociable.
  6. ____________________ in spite of his ten attempts.
  7. He refused to eat anything despite____________________.
  8. He could not score goods grades in the SEE exams in spite of_______________________.
  9. She accepted the job although____________________.
  10. Even though we had planned everything carefully _______ _______________.
  11. The child looked cheerful although ____________ ________________. (Context: health)
  12. He continued to work in spite of ________________ _____________. (Context: injury)
  13. Even though the team trained for months,____________ _______________. (Context: sports)
  14. ____________________ in spite of being completely unprepared. (Context: presentation/school)
  15. She forgave him although ________________ ____________. (Context: relationships)
  16. _______________________ though they were strangers. (Context: travel/friendship)
  17. He felt confident despite ___________________ _________________. (Context: exam anxiety)
  18. They reached the station on time although _____________ ___________________. (Context: transportation)
  19. In spite of the noisy environment, ________________ ____________________. (Context: concentration/work)
  20. ___________________________ even though he was on a strict diet. (Context: food/discipline)
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